Life Treatment: May 2015

Raid 5 Data Recovery Possible?

Originally, as envisaged in 1987 by Patterson, Gibson and Katz from the University of California in Berkeley, the acronym RAID stood for a "Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks". In short a larger number of smaller cheaper disks could be used in place of a single much more expensive large hard disk, or even to create a disk that was larger than any currently available.

They went a stage further and postulated a variety of options that would not only result in getting a big disk for a lower cost, but could improve performance, or increase reliability at the same time. Partly the options for improved reliability were required as using multiple disks gave a reduction in the Mean-Time-Between-Failure, divide the MTBF for a drive in the array by the number of drives and theoretically a RAID will fail more quickly than a single disk.

Today RAID is usually described as a "Redundant Array of Independent Disks", technology has moved on and even the most costly disks are not particularly expensive.

Six levels of RAID were originally defined, some geared towards performance, others to improved fault tolerance, though the first of these did not have any redundancy or fault-tolerance so might not truly be considered RAID.

RAID 0 - Striped and not really "RAID"

RAID 0 provides capacity and speed but not redundancy, data is striped across the drives with all of the benefits that gives, but if one drive fails the RAID is dead just as if a single hard disk drive fails.

This is good for transient storage where performance matters but the data is either non-critical or a copy is also kept elsewhere. Other RAID levels are more suited for critical systems where backups might not be up-to-the-minute, or down-time is undesirable.

RAID 1 - Mirroring

RAID 1 is often used for the boot devices in servers or for critical data where reliability requirements are paramount. Usually 2 hard disk drives are used and any data written to one disk is also written to the other.

In the event of a failure of one drive the system can switch to single drive operation, the failed drive replaced and the data transferred to a replacement drive to rebuild the mirror.

RAID 2

RAID 2 introduced error correction code generation to compensate for drives that did not have their own error detection. There are no such drives now, and have not been for a long time. RAID 2 is not really used anywhere.

RAID 3 - Dedicated Parity

RAID 3 uses striping, down to the byte level. This adds a hardware overhead for no apparent benefit. It also introduces "parity" or error correction data on a separate drive so an additional hard disk is needed that gives greater security but no additional space.

RAID 4 - Dedicated Parity

RAID 4 stripes to the block level, and like RAID 3 stores parity information on a dedicated drive.

RAID 5 - The most common format

RAID 5 stripes at the block level but does not use a single dedicated drive for storing parity. Instead, parity is interspersed within the data, so after each run of data stripes there is a strip of parity data, but this changes then for the next set of stripes.

This could means, for example, that in a 3 disk RAID 5 there are data strips on disks 0 and 1 followed by a parity strip on disk 2. For the next set of stripes the data is on disks 0 and 2 with the parity on disk 1, then data on disks 1 and 2 with parity on disk 0.

RAID 5 is generally faster for smaller reads, so eminently suitable for server systems being shared by large numbers of users created smaller data files or accessing smaller amounts of data each time. For other applications, however, RAID 4 will outperform RAID 5 quite considerably.

Beyond RAID 5?

Advances on RAID 5 do exist, though in general these use RAID 5 techniques and enhance them, for example by mirroring two RAID 5 arrays, or by having 2 parity stripes.

RAID data recovery

It might be imaged that with all of this fault tolerance that data recovery would not be a requirement, but things will still go wrong.

With all RAID levels logical corruption, damage to the file system, has just as devastating effect as with a single hard disk. You might have a robustly stored file system, but it is a robustly stored and corrupted file system.

With RAID 0 the result of a failure of one disk is terminal for the RAID, if data cannot be recovered from the failed disk then a percentage of the data is lost for good, and since RAID uses data striping, this could be like losing 1 MB of data out of every 4 MB, and the chances of that leaving any major files intact are low. For smaller files, those less than the sum of a strip each from the working drive there will be files that are fortunately intact, for larger files (e.g. Exchange or SQL databases) there will be considerable data loss and structural damage and low level work will be required to salvage any useful data from them.

For RAID levels where there is parity and the chance to recover from a single disk failure then the most common problems were see are:

Degraded running

A single disk fails and is ignored, or there is not a spare available and so one is ordered. Either way the RAID unit stays in operation but with a disk missing so there is no longer any redundancy.

Usually the hard disks in a RAID are part of the same manufacturing batch, have been stored and run in the same environment, if the unit has been mis-handled then each disk in the RAID has been mis-handled. So, there is quite a good chance that another drive will fail sometime soon, if not for any of the reasons just given but because bad things don't happen singly.

Multiple failure

Striped RAID is fault tolerant if a single drive fails nice and cleanly. If multiple drives fail then the RAID is lost, but also if one drive fails and de-stabilises the SCSI bus. This can result in multiple drives appearing to fail, the RAID unit believes that they have failed, and so the RAID will not operate.

Configuration loss

When a RAID is configured information is stored about the order of the disks the size of a strip of data and so on. If there is a failure within the RAID controller and this information is lost then the RAID will no operate, and it is not always practicable to re-instate it.

Some RAID controllers will consider re-programming the RAID configuration as a rebuild request and re-write to each of the disks destroying the data.

People making it worse

One of the worst sounds we hear with RAID problems is that of human panic, and frantic attempts to repair the problem. "We're just going to try one more thing" is often the sound that signals the end of the data as a RAID is repaired with the disks in the wrong slots, or rebuild and set back to its original state.

What to do when a RAID fails

STOP
THINK
Make sure that anything you do is going to be non-destructive.
Get Advice

Do not let anyone push you into precipitous action, they might have a deadline and be applying pressure but they will quickly forget their part in driving proceedings when the RAID is fatally damaged by a hurried repair attempt.

How can data be recovered from a RAID?

Much of RAID recovery is the same as for a single disk recovery, data must be secured and backed up to guarantee that the problem will not be exacerbated. For logical problems the difficult work is all on the analysis of the file system, that it is from a RAID makes no major difference once the RAID scheme has been identified and the correct access to it worked out.

For mirrored RAID data can be "mixed and matched" from the good sectors of two drives to rebuild a good drive. With striped RAID schemes that use parity then data can be rebuild at the stripe level rather than on a per drive basis so if there are bad sectors throughout more than one drive these can be corrected individually.

With non-redundant RAID schemes each sector that cannot read from a disk results in data loss from the RAID set. For redundant RAID schemes, however, there is much that can be done to rebuild when data is missing. Whilst a RAID controller will take a disk off-line when it fails and operate in degraded mode rebuilding the data from the missing disk on demand, a data recovery process can be somewhat more sophisticated. With properly written recovery software the level of granularity can be one sector rather than one disk so for each sector that fails the data can be rebuild so long as all sectors can be recovered from the remainder of the disks. Even if the next failed sector is on a different drive in the set, so long as the same sector can be read from the other disks then a complete rebuild can be made.

For levels of RAID that have greater redundancy, the number of failed sectors across a set of disks can be even greater without data loss.

Even as data recovery specialists we are, however, still bound by the rules of mathematics. If sector 99 is missing from both disks 0 and 4 in a RAID5 set then rebuilding of the missing data is not a possibility.

Once the raid/disk issues have been resolved then the data recovery process can continue just as it would for a single disk.

Mark Sear has been involved in data recovery, data conversion, data migration and computer forensics since the early 1980s working as a data recovery engineer, software developer and up until 2006 as the Technical Director of one of the word's leading data recovery companies with offices in the UK, Germany, US and Norway. Along with other long standing technical specialists from the industry Mark founded Altirium Ltd in 2006 to provide technically led specialist data services with the emphasis on providing the right advice and services for the customer in an industry that has become increasingly sales led.

Credit Card Consolidation

Debt consolidation is a term you'll hear often in the adverts for loans - especially home loans. The idea is to take out a loan large enough to pay off your credit cards and other loans, then pay off the loan at a lower interest rate than you were paying on the credit cards. It's a logical leap - except for one thing. It works even better if you use the lowest interest rate loan available - 0% balance transfer credit cards.

0% balance transfer cards were the product of a competitive marketplace - the credit card marketplace. After years of growth in the credit card market, the providers found themselves in the position of having to entice customers from each other in order to keep on growing their market share. In order to do that, they came up with several schemes to make their credit cards more attractive than those of their competitors. Balance transfer credit cards are specifically designed to get you to shift your existing balance from one credit card company to another by offering you a better deal. And while 0% balance transfer credit cards are a bit more scarce than they were two years ago, they do still exist - and they've been joined by other low interest balance transfer credit cards schemes.

The Benefits of Credit Card Consolidation with Balance Transfer Credit Cards
There are a number of benefits to taking advantage of a balance transfer scheme to get control of your credit card debt.

1. Low (or no) interest slows down the mounting of your debt. If you've been carrying half a dozen balances on higher interest credit cards, chances are your minimum monthly payment doesn't even nibble at your outstanding balance. That's because credit card interest rates are designed to KEEP you in debt, not get you out of it. By moving all of your high interest balances onto one low interest card, you can attack it more directly and keep it from spiraling completely out of control.

2. One monthly payment makes it easier to make the payment on time. Instead of remembering half a dozen different payment due dates, you only have ONE. No more worries about missing or late payments because one of your credit cards fell off the radar.

3. Having one credit card and one monthly payment lets you concentrate your efforts and apply a larger chunk of money where it counts. Add up all the minimum monthly payments that you're making now. Then compare balance transfer credit cards by minimum monthly payments to see how it stacks up to your current monthly payment. Chances are that the amount of money you're currently paying out to meet all of your minimum payments will be far above the minimum monthly payment on a balance transfer credit card - which means that with every payment you'll be hacking away at the outstanding balance and making your way toward being debt-free.

How to Compare Balance Transfer Credit Cards
If you do the math and decide that a balance transfer credit card is the right decision for you, then take the time to compare balance transfer credit cards and find the best one for you. While 0% balance transfer cards still exist, the days of no-strings 0% cards are fading away. Most balance transfer credit cards have certain limitations and requirements for their use.

You can check out the balance transfer credit cards on offer at moneyeverything.com to compare the various terms and find the balance transfer card that works best for you.

Once you've transferred all your balances to one card, be careful not to run your other cards up to limit again. Your best course is to keep one credit card active for use in emergency - or for your everyday purchases - and pay off that card in full every single month. That way you won't find yourself in the situation of paying down double the debt because you've run it up all over again.

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Car Donation Tax Law

So you are looking at donating your car to charity and get yourself a tax deduction, huh? Well back in 2005 there was new legislation enacted by the government that made it harder for donors to claim a deduction for a car donation.

There has been a lot of confusion in this area, some people have stayed away from giving these types of gifts, but interesting enough the government has found that the new law has not done a lot to curb abuses.

With this in mind, if you are going to claim a deduction for this time of gift, which is a car donation, just make sure that you follow the rules so you do not find yourself on the other end and be audited by the IRS.

Many people have had problems trying to understand the new rules so I am going to try break it down into simple terms for you now. Basically you can no longer use the Fair Market Value to determine your deduction. If your car is worth more than five hundred dollars you need to wait for the charity to sell the car and let you know how much it received at auction.

If your car is worth less than five hundred dollars, you can still use the Fair Market Value (FMV). There are a few other circumstances when the Fair Market Value may apply such as if the charity keeps the vehicle for their own charitable purposes or sells it as a discount to someone who is in need.

Young Life
It is a mission community composed of Christ-centered people. They are committed to giving the youth a sharing of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. They build a personal relationship with the youth through sharing life experiences, where in, the Gospel can be reflected.

Western Slope Boys and Girls Club
Their mission is enabling and inspiring young people to become productive, responsible and caring citizens. They assure that every youth can share in fulfilling their goals while experiencing new opportunities. Their staff is focused on building a sense of belongingness, usefulness, competence and a sense of influence among its members.

Voices of Musica Sacra
This chamber chorus has a mission of sharing their talents and services. They usually perform sacred choral music intended for the benefit of their local national as well as international communities. The chorus presents an annual Christmas and spring concert together with various church organizations and communities for their worship services.

Tri City Homeless Coalition
Their mission is to battle homelessness in the Southern Alameda country. They provide shelters and a stable and peaceful living environment for their clients. Aside from providing shelter, they also fight to counteract the causes of homelessness and help bring back homeless people to a positive community with interdependence.

Mesothelioma Lawyers

People suffering from Mesothelioma are provided with the legal right by Maryland law to file a Mesothelioma lawsuit. Mesothelioma is a rare cancer that happens because of asbestos exposure. You are much more susceptible to this illness if you've worked wherever the chance of inhaling asbestos debris was high. For those who have been diagnosed with Mesothelioma, you may get compensation from the celebration accountable for your publicity to asbestos by way of a Mesothelioma lawsuit.

Mesothelioma is a critical disease; oftentimes generating its presence felt 20 or thirty years following exposure. You would like to commence the healthcare treatment immediately in order have more than a one year|twelve months survival rate. When submitting Georgia Mesothelioma lawsuits, you should have a correct comprehending of all of the intricacies which are associated with filing lawsuits. Make sure you employ a qualified and skilled Mesothelioma lawyer because only then are you able to attain success in your lawsuit.

Mesothelioma, the disease of mesothelium, is a painful one mingled with costly treatment. Mesothelium is the overlaying made across the heart, lungs and different essential organ of human body. It protects the organs from injury when beating towards the body wall. Generally in case of involuntary muscles in human body, as located in heart, stomach, lungs etc, the mesothelium performs essential role.

In the course of respiration system the air is taken in, get purified in lungs and once again the contaminated blood filled with carbon-di-oxide is taken out. In the course of the mentioned purification process if any small or even microscopic particles are inhaled unexpectedly then those debris can't come out effortlessly from lungs and linger caught within the mesothelium. If such particles debris get accrued in big quantity in lungs, then it causes a lot kind of lungs related or cardio-thoracic problems. In numerous cases it eventually results in cancer, known as mesothelioma.

Mesothelioma is a infrequent cancer kind that occurs because of asbestos exposure. It's got an effect on the liner of the lungs and abdominal cavity. Mesothelioma is a deadly illness with a mean survival time of simply twelve months following diagnosis. Your survival rate may easily increase if it is diagnosed early. Mesothelioma litigations in Baltimore offer you an opportunity to file a case against a party that's accountable on your situation.

No just one expects go to hospital following working with a firm that use asbestos within the manufacturing process. No one wish to handle an expensive lawyer in courtroom as it will take time, energy, productiveness time, not pointed out losses in all probability that would make employee pay additional money to organization who employ their situation much more over whether it is associated with Asbestos mesothelioma case before the courts claim.

Mesothelioma is a malignant tumor of the mesothelium the result of publicity to asbestos fibers. There is several fundamental details just one ought to be mindful of if he is thinking about pursuing an asbestos mesothelioma lawsuit. Previous to pursuing a lawsuit, he ought to search advice from a respectable mesothelioma lawyer for a better comprehension of mesothelioma law. A mesothelioma lawsuit give you just one with enough compensation that will assist cover his legal, medical, and on-going bills related to the mesothelioma cancer.

Federal US entitles people identified with mesothelioma to file a lawsuit against the errant company or companies. Mesothelioma, being a deadly sort of cancer, ruins the prospects of victims and their families. This efficiently signifies that mesothelioma lawsuits are essential something that may mitigate the sufferings of the family

In the past, as a consequence of being exposed to an asbestos material, there have been circumstances when the mesothelioma melanoma sufferers have gotten thousands in reparation for their cancer diagnosis. Lately, mesothelioma lawsuits help those who have become unwell with this cancer by supplying a array of reimbursements. Several of those litigations have answered people who have been in touch with asbestos linked substances at their workplace, and corporations are obliged to pay damages to their existing or former staff members for non-disclosure of the hazard entailed in touching asbestos and linked materials.

Some fundamental elements must be taken under consideration by victims discovered to endure mesothelioma cancer and are capable of file a mesothelioma lawsuit.

What are mesothelioma lawsuits and just how do they arise?
$5 million continues to be recovered from your mesothelioma litigation filed on behalf of a 70-year-old man who passed faraway from malignant mesothelioma. The man was exposed to mesothelioma causing asbestos at work. His profession called for fitting asbestos that contains ceiling tiles. He breathed in asbestos fibers launched by the tiles everyday. The fibers have been launched whenever he reduce and in good shape the tiles. In addition, he was also exposed to asbestos from working alongside drywall installers who produced asbestos dust from using only asbestos that contains joint compound.

Is mesothelioma curable? The straight answer to this query is 'No'. Well, you will find drugs and treatments that assist in easing the pain sensation and should aid to extend life, however these remedies aren't sufficient to save life. Mesothelium refers back to the wrapping structure of nearly all of the bodily organs in our system and mesothelioma is the cancer that occurs in mesothelium.

It has been reported that deaths attributable to mesothelioma cancer in England is increasing. According to at least one estimate, 2,249 men and women died from malignant mesothelioma in 2008 whereas 2,156 died from the sickness in From 2006 to 2008, northeastern England was the geographic area with the very best incidence of mesothelioma deaths. The male demise rate was 1 per million. Southeastern England adopted having a male death rate of 74 deaths per million people.

The asbestos cancer mesothelioma is a threat to the lives of many Navy veterans. This really is as the Navy used asbestos-containing items extensively. Several instances of asbestos-containing goods are gaskets, adhesives, cables and valves. The areas of a ship wherever asbestos may have been present are several and take on boiler rooms, mess halls, engine rooms and navigation rooms. Ships involve a too high risk of asbestos exposure due to many areas on board ships are closed, which means that asbestos fibers can't escape. As such, asbestos fibers on board a ship are likely to dealt with by ship personnel.
You or a loved just one has just been diagnosed with Mesothelioma. Your mind and emotions are on a curler coaster ride, not understanding much if anything about this deadly cancer, and never knowing wherever to show for Mesothelioma monetary help. There is assist in the storm. Listed here are many methods to locate Mesothelioma monetary aid whenever you require it after being diagnosed with Mesothelioma.

Mesothelioma is a deadly cancer that's the result of exposure to asbestos fibers, and this cancer can cut lifespan to a point of months from the onset of symptoms. Over recent years, the amount of mesothelioma instances coming to light has risen quite dramatically, as well as in line with this, the amount of mesothelioma litigations being filed has also increased. Due to mesothelioma lawsuits became such huge business, a lot law firms and lawyers now specialize during this area, generating it simpler for all those affected by this disease to obtain the legal assistance they have to file a mesothelioma lawsuit.

A diagnosis of mesothelioma because of industrial asbestos exposure may be daunting, both emotionally and logistically. A myriad of questions show up that may appear at initial difficult to locate answers for. This article serves as a guide to those most-often requested questions regarding mesothelioma and submitting a litigation coping with mesothelioma.